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1. Cholnoky E., Dömök, L.I. Summary of Safety Tests of Ethyl Apovincaminate. Arzneim-Forsch., 26, 10a, 1938-1944 (1976).
2. Diogo, N., Antunes, J.E. Ensaio Multicêntrico de Vinpocetina na Doença Cerebro-Vascular. Momento Medico, 30 (6), 25-31 (1990).
3. Solti, F., Iskum, M., Czakó, E. Effect of Ethyl Apovincaminate on the Cerebral Circulation. Studies in Patients with Obliterative Cerebral Arterial Disease. Arzneim-Forsch., 26, 10a, 1945-1947 (1976).
4. Tamaki, N., Kusunoki, T., Matsumoto, S. Effect of Vinpocetine on Cerebral Blood Flow in Patients with Cerebrovascular Disorders. Advances in Therapy, 2, 2, 53-58 (1985).
5. Vámosi, B., Molnár, L., Demeter, J., Túry, F. Comparative Study of the Effect of Ethyl Apovincaminate and Xantinol Nicotinate in Cerebrovascular Diseases. Immediate Drug Effects on the Concentrations of Carbohydrate Metabolites and Electrolytes in Blood and CSF. Arzneim.-Forsch., 26, 10a, 1980-1984 (1976).
6. Matkovics, B., Szabó, L., Kiss, B., Szpornyi, L. Effect of Ethyl Apovincaminate on the Utilization of 14C-Glucoses by Rat Brain in vitro. Arzneim-Forsch., 41(I), Nr. 2, 107-108 (1991).
7. Tohgi, H., Sasaki, K. Chiba, K., Nozaki, Y. Effect of Vinpocetine on Oxygen Release of Hemoglobin and Erythrocyte Organic Polyphosphate Concentrations in Patients with Vascular Dementia of the Binswanger Type. Arzneim-Forsch., 40(I), 6, 640-643 (1990).
8. King, G. A., Narcavage, D. Comparison of the Effects of Vinpocetine, Vincamine, Phenytoin, and Cinnarizine in a Rat Model of Cerebral Ischemia. Drug Dev. Res., 9, 225-231 (1986).
9. Akopov, S.E., Gabrielian, E.S. Effects of Aspirin, Dipyridamole, Nifedipine and Cavinton which Act on Platelet Aggregation Induced by Different Aggregating Agents Alone and in Combination. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 42, 257-259 (1992).
10. Hayakawa, M. Effect of Vinpocetine on Red Blood Cell Deformability in Stroke Patients. Arzneim.-Forsch., 42 (I), 4, 425-427 (1992).
11. García, L., Nebreda, O., Perlado, F., Enfermedad Mental en el Anciano. Diaz de Santos (Ed.), 9 (1993).
12. Peruzza, M., DeJacobis, M. A Double-Blind Placebo Controlled Evaluation of the Efficacy and Safety of Vinpocetine in the Treatment of Patients with Chronic Vascular or Degenerative Senile Cerebral Dysfunction. Advances in Therapy, 3, 4, 201-209 (1986).
13. Manconi, E., Binaghi, F., Pitzus, F. A Double-Blind Clinical Trial of Vinpocetine in the Treatment of Cerebral Insufficiency of Vascular and Degenerative Origin. Current Therapeutic research, Clin. Exp., 40, 4, 702-709 (1986).
14. Balestreri, R., Fontana, L., Astengo, F. A Double-Blind Placebo Controlled Evaluation of the Safety and Efficacy of Vinpocetine in the Treatment of Patients with Chronic Vascular Senile Cerebral Disfunction. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 35, 425-430 (1987).
15. Miyazaki, M. Correlation between Cerebral Circulation and Intellectual Impairment in Patients with "Aging Brain", and the Effect of Vinpocetine on Cerebral Circulation. Drug Dev. Res., 14, 199-204 (1988).
16. Hadjiev, D., Yancheva, S. Rheoencephalographic and Psychological Studies with Ethyl Apovincaminate in Cerebral Vascular Insufficiency. Arzneim.-Forsch., 26, 10a, 1947-1950 (1976).
17. Bhatti. J. Z., Hindmarch, I. Vinpocetine Effects on Cognitive Impairments Produced by Flunitrazepam. Inter. Clin. Psychopharmacology, 2, 325-331 (1987).
18. Coleston, D.M., Hindmarch, I. Possible Memory-Enhancing Properties of Vinpocetine. Drug Dev. Res., 14, 191-193 (1988).
19. Subhan, Z., Hindmarch, I. Psychopharmacological Effects of Vinpocetine in Normal Healthy Volunteers. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 28, 567-571 (1985).
20. Pauló, T., Tóth, P. T., Thinguyen, T., Forgács, L., Török, T. L., Magyar, K. [3H]Noradrenaline-Releasing Action of Vinpocetine in the Isolated Main Pulmonary Artery of the Rabbit. J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 38, 668-673 (1986).
21. Kiss, B., Szporny, L. On the Possible Role of Central Monoaminergic Systems in the Central Nervous System Actions of Vinpocetine. Drug Dev. Res., 14, 263-279 (1988).
22. Shibuya, T., Sato, K. Effects of Vinpocetine on Experimental Brain Ischemia, Histochemical Study of Brain Monoamines. Igaku No Ayumi, 139, 3, 217-219 (1986).
23. Milusheva, E., Sperlágh, B., Kiss, B., Szporny, L., Pásztor, E., Papasova, M., Vizi, E. S. Inhibitory Effect of Hypoxic Condition on Acetylcholine Release Is Partly Due to the Effect of Adenosine Released From the Tissue. Brain. Res. Bull., 24, 369-373 (1990).



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1. Arzneimittelforschung 1976; 26(10a):1938-44
  Summary of safety tests of ethyl apovincaminate.
Cholnoky E, Domok LI
Subchronic toxicity test (4-week p.o. on rats with 25 and 100 mg/kg; 3-month i.p. with 5 and 25 mg/kg; 3-month i.v. with 2 and 5 mg/kg daily doses on dogs) and chronic toxicity tests (6-month p.o. on rats with 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg and on dogs with 5 and 25 mg/kg daily doses) were performed with ethyl apovincaminate (RGH-4405, Cavinton), a cerebral vasodilatory compound, to study adverse effects in adult age. Reproduction tests (male and female fertility test on rats p.o. with 10 and 50 mg/kg; teratogenicity test in midpregnancy on rats p.o. with 12.5, 25, 50 mg/kg, 15, 50, 150 mg/kg, and 15, 45, 135 mg/kg daily doses, i.v. with 3.13, 6.25 and 12.5 mg/kg daily doses; on rabbits p.o. with 6, 12 and 18 mg/kg daily doses; peri- and postnatal studies in late pregnancy on rats p.o. with 15, 45 and 135 mg/kg i.v. with 4.13, 6.25, and 12.5 mg/kg daily doses) were carried out to study harmful effects in various early phases of life. Local tolerance was studied after i.m . and i.v. application. It was concluded that the planned 3 X 5 or 3 X 10 mg daily oral dose, 1 X 10 mg i.v. dose of Cavinton were safe for human application in adult age. Although the compound proved not to be teratogenic, it is not recommended for administration to pregnant women because of liability of increased sensitivity in pregnancy. Therapy of women in fertile age should be interrupted in case of pregnancy.
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2. Diogo, N., Antunes, J.E. Ensaio Multicêntrico de Vinpocetina na Doença Cerebro-Vascular. Momento Medico, 30 (6), 25-31 (1990).
  Sorry, no abstract available.
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3. Effect of ethyl apovincaminate on the cerebral circulation. Studies in patients with obliterative cerebral arterial disease.
Solti F, Iskum M, Czako E
  The effect of ethyl apovincaminate (RGH-4405, Cavinton) on the cerebral and systemic circulations has been studied in detail in ten cases of cerebrovascular disease. 10 mg doses of Cavinton were given as infusion within 4-6 min; circulatory tests were carried out prior to administration of the drug and 3-6 min after. The principal results showed the following: On Cavinton cerebral vascular resistance was strongly reduced, while cerebral fraction of cardiac output significantly increased. On acute effect of the drug arterial mean pressure slightly decreased but cerebral blood flow nevertheless increased in general. Total vascular resistance also decreased but this decrease was less marked than that registered in cerebral vascular resistance.
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4. Advances in  therapy 1985; 2:53-6
  Effect of Vinpocetine on Cerebral Blood Flow in Patients with Cerebrovascular Disorders.
  Norihiko Tamaki, M.D. Tadaki Kusunoki, M.D. Satoshi Matsumoto, M.D. Department of Neurosurgery. Kobe University School of Medicine. Kobe, Japan
The 133xenon inhalation method was used in an open-label clinical trial to examine changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF) after vinpocetine treatment in 13 patients with cerebrovascular disorders. In all patients, measurement of regional cerebral blood flow (RCBF) was made prior to and after treatment with vinpocetine 5 mg t.i.d. for  five to seven weeks. In ten of the patients, treatment was continued for a total of  8 to 16 weeks with an additional RCBF measurement at the end of their treatment.
The results showed a significant increase in the Initial Slope Index (ISI) values of mean total CBF, and RCBF for the involved hemisphere after six weeks of treatment with vinpocetine. The CBF for the involved lobe was significantly increased for ISI and flow rate of gray matter at six weeks and at the end of treatment. No adverse reactions were reported.
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5. Arzneimittelforschung 1976;26(10a):1980-4
  Comparative study of the effect of ethyl apovincaminate and xantinol nicotinate in cerebrovascular diseases. Immediate drug effects on the concentrations of carbohydrate metabolites and electrolytes in blood and CSF.
  Vamosi B, Molnar L, Demeter J, Tury F
  Randomly selected 34 cerebrovascular patients were treated with ethyl apovincaminate (RGH-4405, Cavinton) and 109 with xanitinol nicotinate. The effects of drugs given in slow i.v. infusions on the concentration of carbohydrate metabolites and electrolytes in serum and CSF were observed. Cavinton improved the paresis in 60.6% of patients while xantinol nicotinate did so only in 47.1%. On the basis of the biochemical changes it can be concluded that Cavinton enhances both the glycolytic and the oxidative glucose breakdown in CNS.
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6. Arzneimittelforschung 1991 Feb; 41(2):107-8
  Effect of ethyl apovincaminate on the utilization of 14C-glucoses by rat brain in vitro.
  Matkovics B, Szabo L, Kiss B, Szpornyi L
  Biological Isotope Laboratory, Atilla Jozsef University, Szeged, Hungary.
The effect of the presence of 500 micrograms ethyl epovincaminate (Cavinton) on the aerobic metabolism of 14C-labelled glucoses was studied in vitro. The drug tested increased the metabolism of [1-14C]-D-glucose first of all, which indicated a significant activation of pentose-phosphate shunt.
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7. Arzneimittelforschung 1990 Jun; 40(6):640-3
  Effect of vinpocetine on oxygen release of hemoglobin and erythrocyte organic polyphosphate concentrations in patients with vascular dementia of the Binswanger type.
  Tohgi H, Sasaki K, Chiba K, Nozaki Y Department of Neurology, Iwate Medical University, Japan.
  Oxygen affinity of hemoglobin, erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentrations were compared before and after oral administration of vinpocetine (TCV-3B) (15 mg/d), a primarily vasodilating agent, for three weeks in eight patients with vascular dementia of the Biswanger type which is characterized by diffuse myelin pallor and multiple lacunes in the cerebral white matter. After vinpocetine administration, oxygen affinity of hemoglobin (P50) was significantly increased (26.5 +/- 0.55 to 27.6 +/- 0.62 mmHg; mean and standard deviation, p less than 0.05), red blood cell (RBC) ATP concentrations were significantly increased (846 +/- 168 to 1,158 +/- 130 mumol/l RBC, p less than 0.05), while DPG concentrations were unaltered (4.46 +/- 0.48 to 4.59 +/- 0.57 mmol/l RBC). There was a significant positive correlation between the increase of P50 and the increase of erythrocyte ATP concentrations (r = 0.67, p less than 0.05). The effect of vinpocetine of enhancing oxygen release of hemoglobin may offer an additional benefit to its primary vasodilating action in the treatment of vascular dementia of the Binswanger type due to chronic ischemia.
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8. Drug Dev. Res. 9:225- 231, 1986.
Comparison of the Effects of Vinpocetine, Vincamine, Phenytoin, and Cinnarizine in a
Rat Model of Cerebral lschemia.
Gary A. King and Dolores Narcavage.
Ayerst Laboratorias Research, Inc., CN 8000, Princeton, New Jersey.
  Vinpocetine is an eburnamenine derivative reported to protect the brain from ischemia, both in experimental animals and in man. lts effeots have been directly compared to those of vincamine, phenytoin, and cinnarizine in the Fisher rat following bilateral carotid artery occlusion (BCAO). Upon acute b.i.d. administration (25-100 rng/kg i.p.), both vinpocetine and vincamine significantly increased latency  to ischemic convulsion in a dose-related manner, but neither drug significantly affected survival time. Neither phenytoin nor cinnarizine (25-100 mg/kg, b.i.d.) significantly altered latency to convulsions or survival time. After daily dosing for 5 days, vinpocetine, but none of the other drugs, caused a dose-related increase in the latency to ischemic convulsion. Vinpocetine's effects ocurred at lower doses (25 and 50 mg/kg/day) after subchronic administration than after acute administration. Vinpocetine (25 mg/kg/day) and cinnarizine (100 mg/kg/day) also inceased survival time.
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9. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1992; 42(3):257-9
Effects of aspirin, dipyridamole, nifedipine and cavinton which act on platelet aggregation induced by different aggregating agents alone and in combination.
Akopov SE, Gabrielian ES.
 Department of Pharmacology, Yerevan Medical Institute, Armenia, USSR.
The effects of aspirin, nifedipine, dipyridamole and cavinton on platelet aggregability in patients with atherosclerosis has been studied using various agents to induce aggregation. The drugs reduced platelet aggregability when aggregation was induced by ADP, adrenaline, or collagen alone. However, if platelet aggregation was induced by combinations of the agonists (including combinations of ADP with either adrenaline or platelet-activating factor (PAF), adrenaline with PAF, and collagen with ADP), the anti-aggregant effects of aspirin, dipyridamole, and cavinton were significantly reduced. The effect of nifedipine was less markedly reduced, especially by combinations which included adrenaline. The data suggest that positive agonist interactions may lead to a reduction in the therapeutic activity of antiplatelet drugs.
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10. Arzneimittelforschung 1992 Apr; 42(4):425-7.
  Effect of vinpocetine on red blood cell deformability in stroke patients.
Hayakawa M.
Department of Geriatrics, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Japan.
  Reduction in red blood cell deformability is a contributory factor in stroke disease, and it has been postulated that red blood cell rigidification may be improved by drug treatment. In this paper the effect of vinpocetine (CAS 42971-09-5) on the deformability of red blood cells from patients with chronic ischemic cerebrovascular disease has been examined. During the administration of vinpocetine for 3 months a significant improvement in red blood cell deformability was observed without adverse effect.
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11. García, L., Nebreda, O., Perlado, F., Enfermedad Mental en el Anciano. Diaz de Santos (Ed.), 9 (1993).
Sorry, no abstract available.
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12. Advances in  therapy 1986; 4:201-4
  A Double-Blind Placebo Controlled Evaluation of the Efficacy and Safety of Vinpocetine in the Treatment of Patients with Chronic Vascular or Degenerative Senile Cerebral Dysfunction.
Marino Peruzza, M.D., Maurizio Dejacobis, M.D.  Uníversity of Pavia.
G.B. Glustinian Regional Hospital.  Venice, Italy
  In a double-blind clinical trial, 22 elderly patients with cerebrovascular and central nervous system degenerative disorders were treated with vinpocetine, a synthetic ethyl ester of apovincamine. They received 10 mg vinpocetine t.i.d. for 30 days, then 5 mg t.i.d. for 60 days. Matching placebo tablets were given to another 20 elderly patients for the 90-day trial period. Patients taking vinpocetine scored consistently better in all evaluations of the effectiveness of treatment including measurements on the Clinical Global Impressions (CGI) and Sandoz Clinical Assessment-Geriatric (SCAG) scale, and the Mini-Mental Status Questionnaire. No serious side effects were related to the treatment drug.
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13. Curr Therap Res 1986; 40: 702-2
  A DOUBLE-BLIND CLINICAL TRIAL OF VINPOCETINE IN THE TREATMENT OF CEREBRAL INSUFFICIENCY OF VASCULAR AND DEGENERATIVE ORIGIN
E. MANCONI, P. BINAGHI, AND F. PITZUS
Department of  Internal Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
  We used vinpocetine, a synthetic ethyl ester of apovincamine, to treat 22 elderly patients with central nervous system degenerative disorders, in a double-blind clinical trial. Patients received 10-mg vinpocetine TID for 30 days, then 5 mg TID for 60 days. Another 18 elderly patients were given matching placebo tablets for the 90-day trial. Vinpocetine-treated patients scored consistently better in all evaluations of the effectiveness of treatment, including measurements on the Clinical Global Impressions (CGI) and Sandoz Clinical Assessment-Geriatric (SCAG) scale, and the Mini-Mental Status Questionnaire. According to CGI assessments, severity of illness decreased in 73% of the patients in the vinpocetine group at day 30 and 77% at day 90, and improvement was seen in 77% and 87% of the patients at days 30 and 90, respectively. Patients also showed statistically significant improvement for all SCAG items but one, at days 30 and 90. The physician rated the improvement in 59% of the vinpocetine-treated patients as "good" to "excellent". No serious side effects were related to the treatment drug.
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14. J Am Geriatr Soc 1987 May; 35(5):425-30
A double-blind placebo controlled evaluation of the safety and efficacy of vinpocetine in the treatment of patients with chronic vascular senile cerebral dysfunction.
Balestreri R, Fontana L, Astengo F
In a double-blind clinical trial, vinpocetine, a synthetic ethyl ester of apovincamine, was shown to produce significant improvement in elderly patients with chronic cerebral dysfunction. Forty-two patients received 10 mg vinpocetine three times a day (tid) for 30 days, then 5 mg tid for 60 days. Matching placebo tablets were given to another 42 patients for the 90 day trial period. Patients on vinpocetine scored consistently better in all evaluations of the effectiveness of treatment including measurements on the Clinical Global Impression (CGI) scale, the Sandoz Clinical Assessment-Geriatric (SCAG) scale, and the Mini-Mental Status Questionnaire (MMSQ). There were no serious side effects related to the treatment drug.
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15. Drug Develop Res 1988; 14: 199-204
Correlation Between Cerebral Circulation and Intellectual lmpairment in Patients With "Aging Brain" and the Effect of Vinpocetine on Cerebral Circulation.
Manabu Miyazaki.
Department of  Internal Medicine, Bell-land Hospital, Sakai City, Osaka, Japan.
The Doppler ultrasonic technique is useful for the examination of cerebral circulation as well as for the evaluation of cerebral circulation-improving drugs. This study deals with a correlation of cerebral circulation with intellectual impairment in subjects with aging brain syndrome and with measuring the effect of vinpocetine on cerebral circulation, using the Doppler technique.

The correlation between cerebral circulation and intellectual impairment was first studied in 48 patients with aging brain and intellectual impairment. As a parameter for cerebral circulation, the Continuous lndex (CI), as calculated from the blood flow pattern recorded at the internal carotid artery, was used together with Hasegawa's Dementia Scale (HDS) for intellectual impairment. Second, blood flow change of the internal carotid and vertebral artery was measured after a single oral dose of 5 mg vinpocetine and after multiple oral doses of 5 mg vinpocetine three times daily for 7 days in six patients with aging brain.

The mean correlation coefficient (r) between CI and HDS was 0.391 (P < 0.01) in 48 patients. It was 0.612 (Fl < 0.01) in 27 patients with moderate to severe intellectual impairment, 0.735 (P < 0.01) in 14 patients with vascular type impairment, and 0.443 (not significant) in 10 patients with the Alzheimer type. The results suggest some correlation between cerebral circulation and intellectual impairment in the aging brain, especially in patients with the vascular type. An increase of blood flow was recognizable after a single oral dose of 5 mg vinpocetine.
 
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16. Arzneimittelforschung 1976; 26(10a):1947-50
Rheoencephalographic and psychological studies with ethyl apovincaminate in cerebral vascular insufficiency.
Hadjiev D, Yancheva S
The effect of ethyl apovincaminate (RGH-4405, Cavinton) on the rheoencephalogram and memory functions was studied in 50 patients with ischaemic disturbances of cerebral circulation. The drug was administered in a single i.v. dose of 10 mg and orally three times daily 5 mg for a month. Improvement of cerebral circulation was observed after i.v. and oral medication. Blood flow was most markedly increased in the gray matter. The effect on arterial pressure was negligible. Improvement of memorizing capacity evaluated by psychological tests was recorded after one month of Cavinton treatment, associated with alleviation or complete disappearance of symptoms. No side-effects attributable to the drug were observed. It is pointed out that Cavinton is indicated in the treatment of ischaemic disorders of the cerebral circulation, particularly in chronic insufficiency.
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17. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1987 Oct; 2(4):325-31
Vinpocetine effects on cognitive impairments produced by flunitrazepam.
Bhatti JZ, Hindmarch I.
Human Psychopharmacology Research Unit, University of Leeds, U.K.
  The effects of pre-treatment with vinpocetine 40 mg, on flunitrazepam-induced impairment of memory, were studied in 8 normal volunteers. Tests of Critical Flicker Fusion Threshold, a Sternberg Memory Scanning Task, along with subjective ratings of drug action were used. Drug effects were found to be modest. Treatment with vinpocetine was associated with improvements in short-term memory processes.
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18. Drug Develop Res 1988; 14: 191-3
  Possible Memory-Enhancing Properties of Vinpocetine
Donna M. Coleston and Ian Hindrnarch - Human Psychopharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, England.
  Critical flicker fusion threshold, choice reaction time, total reaction time, and Sternberg-type memory tasks of digits/words were measured in twelve volunteers after having received vinpocetine or placebo for two days. A significant improvement was recorded in the short-term memory test following 40 mg of the drug when compared to placebo.
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19. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1985;28(5):567-71 Psychopharmacological effects of vinpocetine in normal healthy volunteers.
Subhan Z, Hindmarch I
  Twelve healthy female volunteers received pre-treatments with vinpocetine 10, 20, 40 mg and placebo (t.d.s.) for two days according to a randomised, double-blind crossover design. On the third day of treatment and 1 h following morning dosage, subjects completed a battery of psychological tests including Critical Flicker Fusion (CFF), Choice Reaction Time (CRT), Subjective Ratings of Drug Effects (LARS) and a Sternberg Memory Scanning Test. No statistically significant changes from placebo were observed on CFF, CRT or subjective ratings of drug effects. However, memory as assessed using the Sternberg technique was found to be significantly improved following treatment with vinpocetine 40 mg when compared to placebo and results suggested a localised effect of the drug on the serial comparison stage of the reaction process.
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20. J Pharm Pharmacol 1986 Sep; 38(9):668-73
[3H]noradrenaline-releasing action of vinpocetine in the isolated main
pulmonary artery of the rabbit.
Paulo T, Toth PT, Nguyen TT1, Forgacs L, Torok TL, Magyar K.
  Vinpocetine (10(-6)-3 X 10(-5) M) increased both the resting and the nerve stimulation-evoked release of [3H]noradrenaline from the isolated main pulmonary artery of the rabbit in the presence of uptake blockers (cocaine, 3 X 10(-5) M; corticosterone, 5 X 10(-5) M), and inhibited the nerve stimulation-evoked postsynaptic response. The resting transmitter releasing action of vinpocetine increased in the absence of cocaine. Exogenously applied (-)noradrenaline [(-)NA] (10(-6) M) or clonidine (10(-6) M) inhibited the vinpocetine (3 X 10(-5) M)-potentiated [3H]NA release and contracted the circular muscle. The clonidine-induced contraction was abolished by 10(-7) M prazosin. The inhibitory action of (-)-NA on vinpocetine-potentiated [3H]NA release was partly antagonized by 3 X 10(-7) M yohimbine, a preferential alpha 2-adrenoceptor blocker. In Ca-free Krebs solution containing 1 mM EGTA the neurotransmitter releasing action of vinpocetine was abolished, however, its stimulating action on the resting [3H]NA outflow was not changed. In Na-pump-inhibited arteries (K-free solution), where both the resting and the nerve stimulation-evoked release of neurotransmitter had already been increased, vinpocetine further enhanced the nerve stimulation-evoked release of [3H]NA. It is concluded that vinpocetine may have alpha 2- and alpha 1-adrenoceptor blocking action, as well as a tyramine-like effect. The presynaptic neurotransmitter releasing action of vinpocetine is presumably the consequence of its inhibitory action on the Ca-pump which is suggested by the finding that in K-free solution vinpocetine was able to enhance further the release of neurotransmitter.
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21. Kiss, B., Szporny, L. On the Possible Role of Central Monoaminergic Systems in the Central Nervous System Actions of Vinpocetine.
Drug Dev. Res., 14, 263-279 (1988).
Sorry, no abstract available.
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22. Igaku No Ayumi, 139, 3, 217-219
Effects of Vinpocetine on Experimental Brain lschaemia:
Histochemical Study of Brain Monoamines
Takeshi Shibuya & Katsuhiko Sato.
Department of  Pharmacology, Tokyo Medical College.
  We investigated the effect of vinpocetine on brain monoamines in rats with experimentally induced cerebral ischaemia, using fluorescent histochemical techniques. The results indicate that 1) vinpocetine reversed the decreased brain tissue leves of catecholamines and serotonin following experimental cerebral ischaemia; 2) the compound also facilitated the turnover of catecholamines and serotonin in the brain. These facts suggest that vinpocetine, with its proven actionas to facilitate the turnover of monoamines in the brain and to improve impaired monoamine metabolism in experimental cerebral ischaemia, might prove effective in augmenting cerebral blood flow.
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23. Brain Res Bull 1990 Mar; 24(3):369-73
Inhibitory effect of hypoxic condition on acetylcholine release is partly due to the effect of adenosine released from the tissue.
Milusheva E, Sperlagh B, Kiss B, Szporny L, Pasztor E, Papasova M, Vizi ES
Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest.
  Isolated longitudinal muscle strip with Auerbach's plexus attached was used to study the stimulation-evoked release of 3H-acetylcholine (3H-ACh) under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Hypoxia reduced the release of ACh. Theophylline, a purinoceptor P1 antagonist and vinpocetine, an antiischemic compound partly reversed the effect of hypoxia. Unlike theophylline, the effect of vinpocetine was not mediated via adenosine action, since it failed to affect the presynaptic action of adenosine, and the effect of theophylline and vinpocetine was additive. When they were added together the effect of hypoxia was almost completely antagonized. Dipyridamole, an adenosine uptake inhibitor, potentiated the effect of hypoxia and the presynaptic inhibitory action of adenosine on ACh release. Evidence was obtained that the effect of hypoxia is at least partly due to adenosine formed from purine nucleotides.

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